Friday, May 31, 2019

Differential Association Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sutherlands Differential Association     Born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska, Edwin H. Sutherland grew up and studied in Ottawa, Kansas, and de luxe Island, Nebraska. After receiving his B.A degree from Grand Island College in 1904, he taught Latin, Greek, History, and shorthand for two years at Sioux Falls College in South Dakota. In 1906 he leftover Sioux Falls College and entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate. (Gaylord, 19887-12) While attending the University of Chicago he changed his major from history to sociology. Much of his sphere was influenced by the Chicago approach to the study of crime that emphasized human behavior as determined by companionable and physical environmental factors, quite an than genetic or personal characteristics. (Gaylord, 19887-12) With his studies completed he began work at the University of Minnesota from 1926 to 1929 where his reputation as a leading criminologist w as enhanced. At this time, his focus became sociology as a scientific enterprise whose goal was the understanding and control of social problems, including crime. (Gaylord, 198813) After his time at Minnesota he moved to Indiana University and founded the Bloomington naturalise of Criminology at Indiana University. While at Indiana, he published 3 books, including Twenty Thousand Homeless Men (1936), The Professional Thief (1937), and the third variation of Principles of Criminology (1939). Finally in 1939 he was elected president of the American Sociological Society, and in 1940 was elected president of the Sociological Research Association.     Similar in sizeableness to strain supposition and social control theory, Differential Association theory was Sutherlands major sociological contribution to criminology . These theories all explain deviance in term of the individuals social relationships. By attributing the cause of crime to the social context of ind ividuals, Differential Association departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective. "He rejected biological determinism and the entire individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of Differential Association theory. In transmission line to both classical and biological theories, Differential Associat... ...s Sutherland a pioneer for all criminologists. Works CitedAkers, Ronald L.. (1996). Is differential association/social learning cultural deviance theory? Criminology.Gaylord, Mark S and John F. Galliher. (1988). The criminology of Edwin Sutherland. Transaction, IncJacoby, Joseph E.. (1994). Classics of criminology. Waveland press, Inc.Matseuda, Ross L.. (1988). The current state of differential association theory. Crime and Delinquency (July 1988). Sage PublicationPfohl, Stephen. (1994). Images of deviance and social control. McGraw-Hill, Inc.Skinner, William F. and Anne M. Fream(1997). A social learning theory analysis of computer crime among college student. Journal of research in crime and delinquency. Sage PublicationSutherland, Edwin H.. (1974). Criminology. J.B. Lippincott CompanySutherland, Edwin H.. (1961). White-collar crime. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, IncSutherland, Edwin H.. (1937). The professional thief. The university of Chicago.Tittle, Charles R. and bloody shame Jean Burke(1986). Modeling Sutherlands theory of differential association Toward an empirical clarification. Social Forces.Warr, Mark (1993). Parents, Peers, and Delinquency. Social forces.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Senior Sim Essay -- Essays Papers

Senior Sim Before start playing the game and building up my plenty I have developed a strategic plan and I have set specific and attainable goals. My target was the maximization of profits in the long run and at the same time the satisfaction of customer needs. My target groups would be the entire market, including all the market customers even of different age, genre, sex, status, income, preferences because I am going to sell products which are consumed every day. After defining the name, the goals and the mission statement of my participation, my premier(prenominal) extend was to find a good localisation principle for building up my department stores. Therefore I chose a city with a maximum number of potential customers (large population), with low or no competition, as wholesome as with a close path to the ports so as to have minimal transportation costs. Therefore, before I started setting up the buildings I had to make a market research in order to find t he profitability and the competitiveness of the target market and accordingly create a personal line of credit strategy. Therefore, it was important to find a target market with low or no competition and with many potential customers as I stated before. So, later doing the market research I decided that the best market to enter was that in London, first, because it was large enough, and second because no competition existed there at that time, heart many potential customers. Then, I had to decide where exactly to locate my department store in London. A store in the heart of downtown malls implied a large number of customers but at the same time, very high land and building up costs. I wanted to be an aggressive man of affairs so I decided to build my store in the heart of the town despite the high costs. I wanted to be the first corporation who would penetrate the market of London and I wanted to be successful and build a strong base. My next step after building my first department store was to have my port in order to bring the products to my store, and to set up the functional units in order for my store to operate. These included a purchasing unit linked with a sales and an advertising unit. The purchasing unit was responsible for buying the products from the suppliers and bringing them to the department store. Linking the purchasing with the sales unit enabled the products to move onward to the sales unit ... ...lace to build a unused department store. Once more, I followed the same procedures in selecting the location as well as in setting up the functional units and managing the purchase-sales and advertising teams. In Sheffield I sell Chocolate Milk, Peanut Butter, Frozen Beef, and Lettuce. In addition to these strategies, when investing, I was also keeping an eye on the stock market. Profits could also be gained there, especially when buying another corporations stocks, because buying a large send in rival was probably a prelu de to a takeover. This could benefit me not only from the rising stock price as the takeover would move along, but also when it would complete and the two merge, I would own stock in the parent. My principle always was that a frequent self-performance analysis would be prerequisite for obtaining a profitable corporation. This implied looking upon the profitability, sales, shareholder value, customer satisfaction, product quality, brand associations, relative cost, employee attitude and performance and portfolio analysis. Depending on the results of the analysis I was planning my new strategies and of course expanding my department stores to other cities.

Essay --

Equality is on a broad spectrum in the world. What does equivalence and assoildom actually mean? And is America really equal. We atomic number 18 going to explore some of the most famous people who set standard for us to be called equal. Several years ago it was a fight for many people around the country to be able to call themselves free, now what do we have to show for that. The new generation coming into to the world are becoming lazy and not learning what it actually mean to be free and equal. America was do a free country, entirely there are still injustice things here and on the uprising. Did Dr. King really make a change? Did Emmett till get us to listen and open our minds? Or was it Abraham who tried to get people to hear his address about freedom? totally of these men did something to help change how segregate and un reasonable laws were back then. But what can do to make these men continue to be the reason why we call ourselves free? The people of today and tomorrow have to do better because yes, a lot has changed, but that doesnt mean it will propitiate this way. I heard that history geminates itself and if that is true then the upcoming generations are going to have to get on board and continue to strive for equality and freedom. I dont think America is truly free nor are the American people just settling because they know that this freedom powerfulness be as far as we can go. Sometimes settling isnt the right thing to do if we are unhappy with the situation we are in we should change it. As Obama said, I know my country has not perfected itself. And at times, weve struggled to keep the promise of liberty and equality for all of our people. Weve made our share of mistakes, and there are times when our actions around the world have not lived up to our best inten... ...ll trying to figure itself out. capital of Nebraska dedicated his speech to the dead because they died in vain and he wanted them to be happy to see a country that was equal . Equality today is much different than it was during Lincolns days and its come a long way, but there is still a long way to go. To conclude, we have had a fair share of struggle to get America to where it is now. In a way we are a free country because of what these three men have sacrificed, but we will not continue this way if we do not keep striving for more. We have to set an example for new generation coming up and we have to let people know that the work our ancestors and people like Dr. King, Emmett, and Abraham did not work for nothing. The day will come when history might repeat itself, but we need to be prepared and ready so that when it appears we will not let our future return as our past.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Plato and Aristotle Essay -- Philosophy Essays Wellness

Plato and Aristotle Plato and Aristotle have two distinct views on wellness. However, each existences opinion on wellness is directly buttoned in to his respective opinions on the idea of impersonation as a form of knowledge. Their appreciation or lack thereof for tragedy is in feature directly correlated to their own perspective on wellness and emotion. Firstly, it is important to consider each mans view of wellnessthat is how does each man go about addressing emotional stability. One important consideration is the approach Plato takes in relation to Aristotle. It is this approach that we will see actually mirroring between how they work emotional well-being and their tolerance for imitation.In order to understand this hypothesis that each thinkers handling of wellness is representative of how they handle imitation (and thus, representation), we need to step back and examine how in situation each gentleman approaches the question of emotional stability and happiness. For Plato, as defined in the commonwealth, emotion is to be suppressed. Speaking of poetry, he says Wed be right, then to delete the lamentations of famous men (63). The idea of deletion is exactly what he is after. taking something quite real, very frequently a part of the present moment, and with the swipe of an eraser, dimissing it as gone. In poetry, it is called deletion, and the words are no longer on the page. In psychology, it is called repression, and the concepts suggested for deletion are instead relegated to swell in the caverns of ones mind. Plato speaks of emotion in poetry at other times as something we should fret (61). Again, entrenched in his linguistics is a conscious hat tip to repression, to keeping emotionbe that joy, sadness, despairout of highe... ...fact directly linked to his collar of wellness, and the need to have an emotional release as a part of that wellness.What can then be steeped out of these observations? It becomes apparent that Plato and Aristotle do in fact have different views on how to reconcile wellness and these different views are directly linked to their approach to imitation. For Plato, who believes in deleting and suppressing emotion, imitation is a device much too emotional for his support. The Aristotelian view that emotion is in fact a natural part of life, knowledge, and our own wellness translates in to his acceptance (if not always full embrace) of imitation. While different, the two men reconcile the problems of wellness in terms of the knowledge they deem acceptable. Works CitedPlato. Republic. Translated by Grube, G.M.A. Hackett. Second Ed. Indianapolis, 1992.

Saussures definition of language :: essays research papers

Most studies of dustup take a diachronic approach that emphasised, for instance, a "cause/effect" or sequential view of meaning and communication. Saussure used a synchronic mode of study that looked at simultaneous relationships. One result of the synchronic method was Saussures insistence on the double nature of language and linguistic elements.Saussure insisted on the systematic nature of language Language is a structure, a surgical process whole in which the different parts are determined by one another (Course in ecumenic Linguistics p. 9). The combined elements of parole and langue process language. Language states Saussure, manifests itself as speech (parole), the actual performance of speakers when they speak or write, also language (langue), which represents the knowledge or competence that all speakers possess of their language (Course in General Linguistics p. 8- 9).Speech says Saussure, has both an individual and social side always implies both establish sy stem and evolution (Course in General Linguistics p. 8). All changes in language occur in parole, in the actual speech act. But only some of these changes become institutionalised in langue. Saussure states that langue, should not be confused with human speech, it is a system or structure of speech codes. He argued that linguistic elements are relational, that it is viewpoint that creates the end of linguistic study. Because so much depends on viewpoint, the nature of the linguistic foreshorten is necessarily arbitrary.Saussure followed that if we are able to recognise things through mental representations, therefore the brain also has to recognise words we hear via mental representations, in conjunction with distinguishing what the words mean via representations. From this, Saussure goes on to make the sign the harmony of sound-image and concept. Thus like Aristotle he seems to think that there are mental facts (concepts). He does not believe however of the sound as a sign of t hose concepts, rather that the sound that travels due to the physical disturbance in the air (is associated with a mental representation of the sound) the sound-image.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Necklace :: Guy De Maupassant The Necklace Essays

The NecklaceIn any literay work, it is absolutely essential to have characters,whether major or minor. It is also necessary to develop these charactersthrough out the flooring. tone development gives the reader insight to themore important meanings or lessons of the story. These lessons are usuallybrought out by the events that take place within the story. Looking at Guy DeMaupassants piece The Necklace, we see a very clear development of the maincharacter Mathidle. In the story, we see a change in her spatial relation about life.This change come about when she has to learn one of lifes little lessons the vexed way. She and her husband are forced to live a life of hard work andstruggle because of her own selfish desires. Mathilde changes from a woman whospends her time dreaming of all the riches and glory she doesnt have, torealizing that she over looked all the riches she did have.The story opens with the description of how miserable Mathilde is.Maupassant describes her as suffe ring constantly, feeling herself destined forall delicacies and luxeries. (Pg 4) She sits dreaming of silent rooms nicelydecorated and her own private room, sweet with perfume to have intimate tete-a-tetes with her closest friends. Then she is awakened, only to realize thatshe is in her own grim apartment. In her eyes, she lives a tortured and unfairlife. Mathidle has a husband named Losiel. He is much the opposite of his wife.He is completely content with his lifestyle. He seems to be a very passiveperson, who doesnt let status or riches effect him. Of course, if he had thechance to be rich he would, but he doesnt dwell on the fact that he is part ofthe heart and soul class. He seems ot be a hard worker and does his best to provide forhis wife. He demonstrates is simplicity the one night at dinner Losiel andMathilde sit down(a) to eat. Mathidle is dreaming of fancy four course meals,while he is ecstatic because they are eating boiled beef.Losiel is aware that his wife has not ye t set to her status. Onenight, he had come home from work very excited. He had worked extra hard toget he and his wife invited to one of the biggest parties ever. Losiel thoughtthis would be please his wife, when in fact it only made her upset. Here wasLosiel trying to please his wife and she just started to cry. This just goes toshow how ungreatful she really is.

The Necklace :: Guy De Maupassant The Necklace Essays

The NecklaceIn any literay work, it is absolutely essential to have characters,whether major or minor. It is also necessary to fuck off these charactersthrough out the story. Character development gives the reader insight to themore important meanings or lessons of the story. These lessons are usuallybrought out by the events that take confide within the story. Looking at Guy DeMaupassants piece The Necklace, we see a very clear development of the maincharacter Mathidle. In the story, we see a change in her attitude about life.This change come about when she has to learn one of lifes little lessons thehard way. She and her husband are forced to die a life of hard work andstruggle because of her own selfish desires. Mathilde changes from a woman whospends her time dreaming of all the riches and glory she doesnt have, torealizing that she everywhere looked all the riches she did have.The story opens with the description of how miserable Mathilde is.Maupassant describes her as suff ering constantly, feeling herself destined forall delicacies and luxeries. (Pg 4) She sits dreaming of silent rooms nicely change and her own private room, scented with perfume to have intimate tete-a-tetes with her closest friends. Then she is awakened, only to realize thatshe is in her own grim apartment. In her eyes, she lives a tortured and unfairlife. Mathidle has a husband named Losiel. He is much the opposite of his married woman.He is completely content with his lifestyle. He seems to be a very passiveperson, who doesnt let status or riches effect him. Of course, if he had thechance to be rich he would, but he doesnt dwell on the detail that he is part ofthe middle class. He seems ot be a hard worker and does his best to provide forhis wife. He demonstrates is simplicity the one night at dinner Losiel andMathilde sit down to eat. Mathidle is dreaming of fancy four course meals,while he is ecstatic because they are eating boiled beef.Losiel is aware that his wife has not y et adjusted to her status. Onenight, he had come home from work very excited. He had worked extra hard toget he and his wife invited to one of the biggest parties ever. Losiel thoughtthis would be please his wife, when in fact it only made her upset. Here wasLosiel trying to please his wife and she just started to cry. This just goes to try out how ungreatful she really is.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Definition Essay on Redneck

Redneck You might be a redneck if you have ever mowed the lawn and piece a car. We have all heard this famous phrase, along with many more, from the comedian Jeff Foxworthy. But what does universe a redneck really mean? some southern people have been stereotyped as rednecks because of their accents, slang and lack of formal communication ability. But it takes more than just the way a mortal talks to make them a redneck, like attitude and appearance. The term redneck began being widely used after the hippie era when men started shimmy there long hair short enough to burn their necks.A white member of the southern rural laboring class is how a knowledgeable somebody has officially defined redneck. Yes, they are from rural areas and are from a workings class of people, though it does take more than language and accent to split someone as a redneck. A redneck will wear shorts and boots for the comfort not because it is a fashion statement. Its someone that would quite a go muddi ng or four wheeling on a weekend, rather than way out for a dinner and a movie.Thoughts of getting dirty doesnt blame them running for the nearest bathroom where they can clean themselves up. Rednecks are not afraid of backbreaking manual labor, unless after work they are going to blow off steam all night. They will generally get an hour or twos worth of sleep before reversive to work to sweat out the alcohol from the night before. Rednecks are very proud to be Americans, they generally chew tobacco, and lookup and fishing is a bounteous part of who they are. Rednecks are generally big fans of football and could tell you every driver in a Nascar race.Gucci, Macys, and malls, are not places that you will see a redneck shopping. Just go to your local Wal-Mart and you will surely see many there doing there one stop shopping. Where else can you buy hunting supplies, guns and ammo, fishing gear, food, clothing, and electronics all in one store? Picture this, a full moon high in the sky, with more stars shining than a person could count in a month. A vibrantly green field outlined with trees, with a creek running across the back. A dirt road along the outside edge of he field leading to the back corner where there are four wheel drive trucks backed up to a red glowing bonfire that was built with what was found along the creek bank. The trucks look as if they have been dipped like an ice cream cone, but only in mud. Coolers filled with beer are closely positioned around the people that are sitting on the tailgates and standing around the fire. Something Bout a Truck, resound from a stereo that cost more than the truck cost before the big mud tires were put on.Without a worry or a fear in the world this party will continue until the wee hours of the morning. This is a true example of what a redneck is. A simple, every day, hard working person who could care less what this weeks fashion statement is. They are who they are, and if you dont like it, they dont car e. They are a laid back partying group that are just out to blow off steam and have some fun. Many people say that being called a redneck is a bad thing, but rednecks are proud of who they and for them it an honor.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion Essay

1. Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion1.1 Define what is meant by diversityIndividual differences. Includes many factors, eg. race, gender, religious and political belief, abilities and disabilities, age and culture equalityInstilling a chemical equilibrium of goodness and status to all psyches inclusionaccommodating every individual to be part of a situation dissimilaritythe treatment of a person due to prejudice of their individual differencessee morelegislation and codes of practice relating to diversity1.2 Describe how direct or indirect variety may occur in the work conniption Direct variety may be only including a particular group of people who the pityr considers appropriate by their personal opinion. Direct discrimination may occur therefore due to a carers personal belief or opinion which should not be relevant whilst working in a care environment. Indirect discrimination is the assumption that the carer hunchs near a person without ob taining relevant information. This may occur if the carers assumes the individual is unable to take part in an practise by their own assumption rather than by any particular knowledge1.3 Explain how practices that harbour diversity, equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination If practices are in place to help carers have a better understanding of diversity, inclusion and equality, such as training and employment of diverse individuals, discrimination will naturally be reduced. If carers are enabled to get to know the diverse backgrounds, and gain a better understanding, stereotyping should be reduced2. Know how to work in an inclusive way2.1 List key legislation and codes of practice relating to diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination in adult social care settingsThe Equality Act 2010 legally protects peopleCare Quality Commission compliance regulationsPolicies and procedures within the workplace2.2 Describe how to interact with individuals in an incl usive way By getting to know the individuals background you will be better equipped to encourage inclusion. They should feel comfortable in the environment to feel properly included. This may include treating them equally, without authority, listening and speaking with consideration and sincerity. The person should be encouraged to behave naturally in a way that is comfortable to them and does not take exception the individual to change themselves to fit into your own ideologies.2.3 Describe ways in which discrimination may be challenged in adult social care settings secretion can be challenged by not tolerating and taking immediate action if it occurs. All individuals should be encouraged to challenge discrimination in a fair and calm way, this should be led by respect and consideration of others. When discrimination occurs, incidents should be reported and recorded. By making all staff, carers, service users and their carers/families aware of the discrimination policies and proc edures, discrimination can be dealt with more swiftly and effectively. When carers are properly trained, they will have a better understanding of discrimination and be in a position to act positively to prevent and challenge the incident.3. Know how to entree information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination3.1 Identify parentages of information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination The workplace would be my first point of call for information. I would look to our handbooks, policies and procedures guidelines as well as management. I could also source information from government agencies and online support, and the Care Quality Commission for further information and support. Further still I could consider obtaining advice from related charities, organisations and private professionals.3.2 Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality, inclusion and discrimination I should access information, advice and support at all stages, from initial training to refresher courses and keeping up to assignment with policy and legislation changes. It should be my responsibility as a carer to be aware of current information at all times. When incidents of discrimination occur I would immediately make my colleagues and managers aware and gain guidance andsupport from the offset. If I found the support and information insufficient, I would then look to further sources for information, support and advice until I received a satisfactory conclusion for all involved.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

The Grayson Chemical Company

The Grayson Chemical Company I. Problems A. Macro 1. Grayson has become stagnant, failed to change, and is no longer competitive. 2. The current people at Grayson are not acceptable to change. 3. There is a civilization of doing things by the book. B. Micro 1. Incompetent managers promoted. 2. Board does not have a consensus of opinion. II. Causes 1. Grayson has not been proactive with its environment. 2. Corporate culture is very resistant to change. 3. Board does not speak with one voice.So entire organization is somewhat disorganized in its operationsno clear oversight or focus III. Systems affected The entire organization is affected. The organization is still functioning however, to be a healthy company and to grow, changes are needed. 1. Structural with major(ip) changes, the structure could be radically altered. 2. Psychosocial status quo and contentment seems to be prevalent among management. 3. Technical there is evidence that managers are fairly competent technically, b ut this may not be enough to make the kind of changes that Grayson requires. . Managerial the management currently seems to be comfortable in their positions and performance. The changes that Tom Baker may lead up would likely create turmoil in the management ranks. 5. Goals and values the system seems to value putting in your time and you will get promoted. Excellence in performance is something not present at Grayson, but complacency seems to be prevalent. IV. Alternatives 1. Maintain status quodo nothing. 2.Develop a pathfinder style, fill board, and organization members in renewing the company. 3. Develop a persuader style and avoid rocking the boat by making gradual or slow changes. V. Recommendations Develop pathfinder style, involve entire corporation in change process. Establish open communications with board and establish a consensus on what the board wants/expects/desires. Since incompetent managers have a good deal been promoted, personnel changes should be made aft er thorough analysis of personnel.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Chapter 20 The First Task

harass got up on Sunday morning and dressed so inat camp downively that it was a while in front he touchableized he was trying to pull his hat onto his foot instead of his sock. When hed fin wholey got all his wearing app arl on the right parts of his body, he hurried off to arrive Hermi atomic number 53, locating her at the Gryffindor table in the bulky Hall, where she was eating break speedy with Ginny. tinge in addition queasy to eat, bother waited until Hermione had swallowed her last spoonful of porridge, so dragged her start onto the g approximatelys. thither, he told her all ab fall surface the dragons, and ab egress for everything Sirius had tell, while they overlyk a nonher languish pass somewhat the lake.Alarmed as she was by Siriuss warnings about Karkaroff, Hermione in time thought that the dragons were the more pressing problem.Lets barely try and keep you alive until Tuesday pull hatfuling, she utter desperately, and indeed we can worry about Ka rkaroff.They walked cardinal times about the lake, trying all the dash to turn over of a mere(a) spell that would subdue a dragon. Nothing whatsoever occurred to them, so they retired to the library instead. Here, plague pulled down every entertain he could find on dragons, and both of them set to work intrusive through the large pile.Talon-clipping by charmstreating scale-rot This is no good, this is for nutters akin Hagrid who want to keep them healthyDragons are extremely difficult to slay, owing to the ancient magic that imbues their summary hides, which none scarce the most powerful spells can penetrate secure this instant Sirius verbalise a simple one would do itLets try some simple spellbooks, accordingly, tell plague, throwing aside Men Who Love Dragons Too Much.He re twisted to the table with a pile of spellbooks, set them down, and began to flick through each in wrick, Hermione rustling non tour of duty at his elbow.fountainhead, there are Switching Spe llsbut whats the point of Switching it? Un little you swapped its fangs for wine-gums or something that would make it less dangerous.The trouble is, like that book tell, not ofttimes is acquittance to impersonate through a dragons hide.Id say Transfigure it, but something that big, you really becoment got a hope, I doubt even prof McGonagallunless youre supposed to redact the spell on yourself? Maybe to make up yourself extra powers? But theyre not simple spells, I mean, we learnnt done any of those in class, I only greet about them because Ive been doing O.W.L. practice papers.Hermione, arouse verbalize, through gritted teeth, will you shut up for a bit, please? I m trying to concentrate.But all that happened, when Hermione fell silent, was that vexs brain get togethered with a assortment of blank buzzing, which didnt seem to allow room for concentration. He stared hopelessly down the index of Basic Hexes for the Busy and Vexed. Instant scalpingbut dragons had no hair pepper breaththat would probably increase a dragons combustpowerhorn tonguejust what he needed, to give it an extra weaponOh no, hes tail again, why cant he read on his stupid ship? said Hermione irritably as Viktor Krum slouched in, ptyalize a surly look over at the pair of them, and settled himself in a distant turning point with a pile of books. Come on, rile, well go keep sacking to the uncouth roomhis fan clubll be here in a moment, twittering away.And sure enough, as they left the library, a gang of girls tiptoed preceding(a) them, one of them wearing a Bulgaria scarf tied around her waist.Harry barely slept that night. When he awoke on Monday morning, he seriously considered for the first time ever just running away from Hogwarts. But as he looked around the bully Hall at breakfast time, and thought about what leaving the move would mean, he k youthful he couldnt do it. It was the only place he had ever been happy intimately, he supposed he must fetch been happy with his parents too, but he couldnt remember that.Somehow, the knowledge that he would rather be here and facing a dragon than back on Privet Drive with Dudley was good to know it made him feel slightly calmer. He finished his bacon with difficulty (his throat wasnt working too well), and as he and Hermione got up, he saying Cedric Diggory leaving the Hufflepuff table.Cedric quiet down didnt know about the dragonsthe only champion who didnt, if Harry was right in thinking that Maxime and Karkaroff would establish told Fleur and Krum.Hermione, Ill see you in the greenhouses, Harry said, approach shot to his decision as he watched Cedric leaving the Hall. Go on, Ill catch you up.Harry, youll be late, the bells about to ring -Ill catch you up, okay?By the time Harry reached the bottom of the marble staircase, Cedric was at the top. He was with a load of sixth-year friends. Harry didnt want to talk to Cedric in front of them they were among those who had been quoting Rita Skeeters article at him every time he went near them. He followed Cedric at a distance and saw that he was heading toward the Charms corridor. This gave Harry an idea. Pausing at a distance from them, he pulled out his threshold, and took careful aim.DiffindoCedrics bag split. Parchment, quills, and books spilled out of it onto the floor. Several bottles of ink smashed.Dont bother, said Cedric in an exasperated voice as his friends bent down to help him. Tell Flitwick Im coming, go onThis was exactly what Harry had been hoping for. He slipped his wand back into his robes, waited until Cedrics friends had disappeared into their classroom, and hurried up the corridor, which was now empty of everyone but himself and Cedric.Hi, said Cedric, picking up a copy of A channelise to Advanced Transfiguration that was now splattered with ink. My bag just splitbrand-new and allCedric, said Harry, the first lying-in is dragons.What? said Cedric, looking up.Dragons, said Harry, speaking quickly, in case prof Flitwick came out to see where Cedric had got to. Theyve got four, one for each of us, and weve got to get medieval them.Cedric stared at him. Harry saw some of the threat hed been feeling since Saturday night flickering in Cedrics gray eyes.Are you sure? Cedric said in a hushed voice.Dead sure, said Harry. Ive seen them.But how did you find out? Were not supposed to know.Never mind, said Harry quickly he knew Hagrid would be in trouble if he told the truth. But Im not the only one who knows. Fleur and Krum will know by now Maxime and Karkaroff both saw the dragons too.Cedric honestened up, his arms full of inky quills, parchment, and books, his ripped bag dangling off one shoulder. He stared at Harry, and there was a puzzled, almost suspicious look in his eyes.Why are you telling me? he asked.Harry looked at him in disbelief. He was sure Cedric wouldnt have asked that if he had seen the dragons himself. Harry wouldnt have permit his worst enemy face those monsters unprep ared well, perhaps Malfoy or Snape.Its justfair, isnt it? he said to Cedric. We all know nowwere on an even footing, arent we?Cedric was still hooking at him in a slightly suspicious way when Harry heard a familiar clunking noise behind him. He turned around and saw Mad-Eye Moody emerging from a nearby classroom.Come with me, Potter, he growled. Diggory, off you go.Harry stared apprehensively at Moody. Had he overheard them?Er Professor, Im supposed to be in Herbology -Never mind that, Potter. In my office, pleaseHarry followed him, query what was going to happen to him now. What if Moody wanted to know how hed instal out about the dragons? Would Moody go to Dumbledore and tell on Hagrid, or just turn Harry into a ferret? Well, it might be easier to get past a dragon if he were a ferret, Harry thought dully, hed be smaller, much less easy to see from a height of fifty feet.He followed Moody into his office. Moody closed the door behind them and turned to look at Harry, his magic al eye fixed upon him as well as the normal one.That was a very decent thing you just did, Potter, Moody said quietly.Harry didnt know what to say this wasnt the reaction he had expected at all.Sit down, said Moody, and Harry sit down, looking around.He had visited this office under two of its previous(prenominal) occupants. In Professor Lockharts day, the walls had been plastered with beaming, winking pictures of Professor Lockhart himself. When Lupin had lived here, you were more likely to come across a specimen of some fascinating new Dark creature he had procured for them to study in class. straightway, however, the office was full of a number of exceptionally odd objects that Harry supposed Moody had utilise in the days when he had been an Auror.On his desk stood what looked hike a large, cracked, glass spinning top Harry recognized it at once as a Sneakoscope, because he owned one himself, though it was much smaller than Moodys. In the corner on a small table stood an obje ct that looked something like an extra-squiggly, luxurious television aerial. It was humming slightly. What appeared to be a mirror hung opposite Harry on the wall, but it was not reflecting the room. Shadowy figures were moving around inside it, none of them clearly in focus.Like my Dark Detectors, do you? said Moody, who was watching Harry closely.Whats that? Harry asked, pointing at the squiggly golden aerial.Secrecy Sensor. Vibrates when it detects concealment and liesno use here, of course, too much interference students in every direction lying about why they havent done their homework. Been humming ever since I got here. I had to disable my Sneakoscope because it wouldnt stop whistling. Its extra-sensitive, picks up stuff about a mile around. Of course, it could be picking up more than kid stuff, he added in a growl.And whats the mirror for?Oh thats my Foe-Glass. See them out there, skulking around? Im not really in trouble until I see the whites of their eyes. Thats when I open my trunk.He let out a short, harsh laugh, and pointed to the large trunk under the window. It had seven keyholes in a row. Harry interviewed what was in there, until Moodys next question brought him sharply back to earth.Sofound out about the dragons, have you?Harry hesitated. Hed been afraid of this but he hadnt told Cedric, and he certainly wasnt going to tell Moody, that Hagrid had broken the rules.Its all right, said Moody, academic session down and stretching out his wooden leg with a groan. Cheatings a traditional part of the Triwizard Tournament and always has been.I didnt cheat, said Harry sharply. It was a sort of accident that I found out.Moody grinned. I wasnt accusing you, laddie. Ive been telling Dumbledore from the start, he can be as elevated as he likes, but you can bet old Karkaroff and Maxime wont be. Theyll have told their champions everything they can. They want to win. They want to beat Dumbledore. Theyd like to prove hes only human.Moody gave other harsh laugh, and his magical eye swiveled around so fast it made Harry feel queasy to watch it.Sogot any ideas how youre going to get past your dragon yet? said Moody.No, said Harry.Well, Im not going to tell you, said Moody gruffly. I dont show favoritism, me. Im just going to give you some good, general advice. And the first bit is play to your strengths.I havent got any, said Harry, before he could stop himself.Excuse me, growled Moody, youve got strengths if I say youve got them. Think now. What are you best at?Harry tried to concentrate. What was he best at? Well, that was easy, really Quidditch, he said dully, and a fat lot of help -Thats right, said Moody, staring at him very unmanageable, his magical eye barely moving at all. Youre a damn good flier from what Ive heard.Yeah, but Harry stared at him. Im not allowed a broom, Ive only got my wandMy second piece of general advice, said Moody loudly, interrupting him, is to use a nice, simple spell that will modify you to get what you need.Harry looked at him blankly. What did he need?Come on, boy whispered Moody. Put them togetherits not that difficultAnd it clicked. He was best at flying. He needed to pass the dragon in the air. For that, he needed his Firebolt. And for his Fire-bolt, he needed Hermione, Harry whispered, when he had sped into greenhouse three minutes later, uttering a hurried apology to Professor Sprout as he passed her. Hermione I need you to help me.What dyou think Ive been trying to do, Harry? she whispered back, her eyes round with anxiety over the top of the quivering Flutterby Bush she was pruning.Hermione, I need to learn how to do a Summoning Charm properly by tomorrow aft(prenominal)noon.And so they practiced. They didnt have lunch, but headed for a free classroom, where Harry tried with all his might to make various objects fly across the room toward him. He was still having problems. The books and quills kept losing amount of money halfway across the room and dropping hik e stones to the floor.Concentrate, Harry, concentrate.What dyou think Im trying to do? said Harry angrily. A great big dragon keeps popping up in my head for some reasonOkay, try againHe wanted to skip fortune telling to keep practicing, but Hermione refused point-blank to skive off Arithmancy, and there was no point in staying without her. He therefore had to endure over an hour of Professor Trelawney, who spent half the lesson telling everyone that the position of Mars with relation to Saturn at that moment meant that people born in July were in great danger of sudden, baseless deaths.Well, thats good, said Harry loudly, his temper getting the better of him, just as long as its not drawn-out. I dont want to suffer.Ron looked for a moment as though he was going to laugh he certainly caught Harrys eye for the first time in days, but Harry was still feeling too resentful toward Ron to care. He spent the rest of the lesson trying to attract small objects toward him under the table wi th his wand. He managed to make a fly zoom straight into his touch, though he wasnt entirely sure that was his prowess at Summoning Charms perhaps the fly was just stupid.He forced down some dinner party after Divination, hence returned to the empty classroom with Hermione, using the Invisibility Cloak to avoid the teachers. They kept practicing until past midnight. They would have stayed longer, but Peeves turned up and, pretext to think that Harry wanted things thrown at him, started chucking chairs across the room. Harry and Hermione left in a hurry before the noise attracted Filch, and went back to the Gryffindor common room, which was now mercifully empty.At two oclock in the morning, Harry stood near the fireplace, surrounded by heaps of objects books, quills, several upturned chairs, an old set of Gobstones, and Nevilles toad, Trevor. scarce in the last hour had Harry really got the hang of the Summoning Charm.Thats better, Harry, thats loads better, Hermione said, looki ng exhausted but very pleased.Well, now we know what to do next time I cant manage a spell, Harry said, throwing a rune dictionary back to Hermione, so he could try again, threaten me with a dragon. Right He raised his wand once more. Accio DictionaryThe heavy book soared out of Hermiones hand, flew across the room, and Harry caught it.Harry, I really think youve got it said Hermione delightedly.Just as long as it works tomorrow, Harry said. The Firebolts going to be much farther away than the stuff in here, its going to be in the castle, and Im going to be out there on the groundsThat doesnt matter, said Hermione firmly. Just as long as youre concentrating really, really hard on it, itll come. Harry, wed better get some sleepyoure going to need it.Harry had been focusing so hard on learning the Summoning Charm that eve that some of his blind terror had heft him. It returned in full measure, however, on the following morning. The atmosphere in the school was one of great tension a nd excitement. Lessons were to stop at midday, giving all the students time to get down to the dragons enclosure though of course, they didnt yet know what they would find there.Harry felt oddly dispel from everyone around him, whether they were wishing him good luck or hissing Well have a box of tissues ready, Potter as he passed. It was a state of nervousness so advanced that he wondered whether he mightnt just lose his head when they tried to lead him out to his dragon, and start trying to curse everyone in sight. cartridge holder was behaving in a more peculiar fashion than ever, rushing past in great dollops, so that one moment he seemed to be sitting down in his first lesson, History of Magic, and the next, walking into lunchand then (where had the morning gone? the last of the dragon-free hours?), Professor McGonagall was hurrying over to him in the Great Hall. Lots of people were watching.Potter, the champions have to come down onto the grounds now.You have to get ready for your first task.Okay, said Harry, standing up, his fork falling onto his plate with a clatter.Good luck, Harry, Hermione whispered. Youll be fineYeah, said Harry in a voice that was most unlike his own.He heft the Great Hall with Professor McGonagall. She didnt seem herself either in fact, she looked nearly as anxious as Hermione. As she walked him down the stone steps and out into the icy November afternoon, she put her hand on his shoulder.Now, dont panic, she said, just keep a cool head.Weve got wizards standing by to control the situation if it gets out of hand.The chief(prenominal) thing is just to do your best, and nobody will think any the worse of you.Are you all right?Yes, Harry heard himself say. Yes, Im fine.She was leading him toward the place where the dragons were, around the edge of the forest, but when they approached the clump of trees behind which the enclosure would be clearly visible, Harry saw that a tent had been erected, its entrance facing them, screen ing the dragons from view.Youre to go in here with the other champions, said Professor McGonagall, in a rather shaky sort of voice, and wait for your turn, Potter. Mr. Bagman is in therehell be telling you the the procedure. Good luck.Thanks, said Harry, in a flat, distant voice. She left him at the entrance of the tent. Harry went inside.Fleur Delacour was sitting in a corner on a how wooden stool. She didnt look nearly as composed as usual, but rather pale and clammy. Viktor Krum looked even surlier than usual, which Harry supposed was his way of showing nerves. Cedric was pacing up and down. When Harry entered, Cedric gave him a small smile, which Harry returned, feeling the muscles in his face working rather hard, as though they had forget how to do it.Harry Good-o said Bagman happily, looking around at him. Come in, come in, make yourself at homeBagman looked somehow like a slightly overblown cartoon figure, standing amid all the pale-faced champions. He was wearing his old W asp robes again.Well, now were all here time to fill you in said Bagman brightly. When the audience has assembled, Im going to be offering each of you this bag he held up a small sack of gallant silk and agitate it at them from which you will each select a small model of the thing you are about to face There are contrastive er varieties, you see. And I have to tell you something else tooah, yesyour task is to collect the golden junkyHarry glanced around. Cedric had nodded once, to show that he understood Bagmans words, and then started pacing around the tent again he looked slightly green. Fleur Delacour and Krum hadnt reacted at all. Perhaps they thought they might be sick if they opened their mouths that was certainly how Harry felt. But they, at least, had volunteered for thisAnd in no time at all, hundreds upon hundreds of pairs of feet could be heard passing the tent, their owners talk of the town excitedly, laughing, joking.Harry felt as separate from the crowd as th ough they were a different species. And then it seemed like about a second later to Harry Bagman was opening the neck of the purple silk sack.Ladies first, he said, offering it to Fleur Delacour.She put a shaking hand inside the bag and draw out a tiny, perfect model of a dragon a Welsh Green. It had the number two around its neck And Harry knew, by the fact that Fleur showed no sign of surprise, but rather a determined resignation, that he had been right maame Maxime had told her what was coming.The resembling held true for Krum. He pulled out the scarlet Chinese Fireball. It had a number three around its neck. He didnt even blink, just sat back down and stared at the ground.Cedric put his hand into the bag, and out came the blueish-gray Swedish Short-Snout, the number one tied around its neck. Knowing what was left, Harry put his hand into the silk bag and pulled out the Hungarian Horntail, and the number four. It stretched its wings as he looked down at it, and bared its mi nuscule fangs.Well, there you are said Bagman. You have each pulled out the dragon you will face, and the numbers refer to the order in which you are to take on the dragons, do you see? Now, Im going to have to leave you in a moment, because Im commentating. Mr. Diggory, youre first, just go out into the enclosure when you hear a whistle, all right? NowHarrycould I have a quick word? Outside?Eryes, said Harry blankly, and he got up and went out of the tent with Bagman, who walked him a short distance away, into the trees, and then turned to him with a fatherly expression on his face.Feeling all right, Harry? Anything I can get you?What? said Harry. I no, nothing.Got a devise? said Bagman, lowering his voice conspiratorially. Because I dont mind sharing a few pointers, if youd like them, you know. I mean, Bagman continued, lowering his voice still further, youre the underdog here, Harry.Anything I can do to helpNo, said Harry so quickly he knew he had sounded rude, no I I know wh at Im going to do, thanks.Nobody would know, Harry, said Bagman, winking at him.No, Im fine, said Harry, wondering why he kept telling people this, and wondering whether he had ever been less fine. Ive got a plan worked out, I -A whistle had blown somewhere.Good lord, Ive got to run said Bagman in alarm, and he hurried off.Harry walked back to the tent and saw Cedric emerging from it, greener than ever. Harry tried to wish him luck as he walked past, but all that came out of his mouth was a sort of hoarse grunt.Harry went back inside to Fleur and Krum. Seconds hater, they heard the roar of the crowd, which meant Cedric had entered the enclosure and was now face-to-face with the living counterpart of his model.It was worse than Harry could ever have imagined, sitting there and listening. The crowd screamedyelledgasped like a single many-headed entity, as Cedric did some(prenominal) he was doing to get past the Swedish Short-Snout. Krum was still staring at the ground. Fleur had now taken to retracing Cedrics steps, around and around the tent. And Bagmans commentary made everything much, much worse.Horrible pictures formed in Harrys mind as he heard Oooh, narrow miss there, very narrow Hes taking risks, this oneClever move pity it didnt workAnd then, after about fifteen minutes, Harry heard the deafening roar that could mean only one thing Cedric had gotten past his dragon and captured the golden egg.Very good indeed Bagman was shouting. And now the attach from the judgesBut he didnt shout out the tag Harry supposed the judges were holding them up and showing them to the crowd.One down, three to go Bagman yelled as the whistle blew again. Miss Delacour, if you pleaseFleur was trembling from head to foot Harry felt more warmly toward her than he had done so far as she heft the tent with her head held high and her hand clutching her wand. He and Krum were left alone, at opposite sides of the tent, avoiding each others gaze.The same process started again.Oh Im n ot sure that was wise they could hear Bagman shouting gleefully. Ohnearly Careful nowgood lord, I thought shed had it thenTen minutes later, Harry heard the crowd erupt into applause once more.Fleur must have been successful too. A pause, while Fleurs marks were being shownmore clappingthen, for the third time, the whistle.And here comes Mr. Krum cried Bagman, and Krum slouched out, leaving Harry quite alone.He felt much more aware of his body than usual very aware of the way his heart was pumping fast, and his fingers tingling with aweyet at the same time, he seemed to be outside himself, seeing the walls of the tent, and hearing the crowd, as though from far away.Very daring Bagman was yelling, and Harry heard the Chinese Fireball emit a horrible, roaring shriek, while the crowd drew its collective breath. Thats some nerve hes showing and yes, hes got the eggApplause shattered the wintery air like breaking glass Krum had finished it would be Harrys turn any moment.He stood up, noticing dimly that his legs seemed to be made of marshmallow. He waited. And then he heard the whistle blow. He walked out through the entrance of the tent, the panic rising into a crescendo inside him. And now he was walking past the trees, through a gap in the enclosure fence.He saw everything in front of him as though it was a very highly colored dream. There were hundreds and hundreds of faces staring down at him from stands that had been magicked there since hed last stood on this spot. And there was the Horntail, at the other end of the enclosure, crouched low over her clutch of ballock, her wings half-furled, her evil, yellow eyes upon him, a monstrous, scaly, black lizard, thrashing her spiked tail, let loose yard-long gouge marks in the hard ground. The crowd was making a great deal of noise, but whether friendly or not, Harry didnt know or care. It was time to do what he had to doto focus his mind, entirely and absolutely, upon the thing that was his only chance.He rai sed his wand.Accio Firebolt he shouted.Harry waited, every fiber of him hoping, praying.If it hadnt workedif it wasnt comingHe seemed to be looking at everything around him through some sort of shimmering, transparent barrier, like a heat haze, which made the enclosure and the hundreds of faces around him swim strangely.And then he heard it, speeding through the air behind him he turned and saw his Firebolt brookling toward him around the edge of the woods, grand into the enclosure, and stopping dead in midair beside him, waiting for him to mount. The crowd was making even more noise.Bagman was shouting somethingbut Harrys ears were not working properly anymorelistening wasnt important.He swung his leg over the broom and kicked off from the ground. And a second later, something miraculous happened.As he soared upward, as the wind cannonball along through his hair, as the crowds faces became mere flesh-colored pinpnicks below, and the Horntail shrank to the size of a dog, he real ized that he had left not only the ground behind, but also his fear.He was back where he belonged.This was just another Quidditch match, that was alljust another Quidditch match, and that Horntail was just another ugly opposing team.He looked down at the clutch of eggs and spotted the gold one, gleaming against its cement-colored fellows, residing safely between the dragons front legs. Okay, Harry told himself, diversionary tacticslets goHe dived. The Horntails head followed him he knew what it was going to do and pulled out of the dive just in time a jet of fire had been released exactly where he would have been had he not swerved awaybut Harry didnt carethat was no more than outline a Bludger.Great Scott, he can fly yelled Bagman as the crowd shrieked and gasped. Are you watching this, Mr. Krum?Harry soared higher in a circle the Horntail was still following his progress its head revolving on its long neck if he kept this up, it would be nicely dizzy but better not push it too long, or it would be breathing fire again Harry plummeted just as the Horntail opened its mouth, but this time he was less lucky he missed the flames, but the tail came lacing up to meet him instead, and as he swerved to the left, one of the long spikes grazed his shoulder, ripping his robes He could feel it stinging, he could hear screaming and groans from the crowd, but the excision didnt seem to be deep.Now he zoomed around the back of the Horntail, and a possibility occurred to him.The Horntail didnt seem to want to take off, she was too protective of her eggs. Though she worm and twisted, furling and unfurling her wings and keeping those fearsome yellow eyes on Harry, she was afraid to move too far from thembut he had to persuade her to do it, or hed never get near them.The trick was to do it carefully, gradually.He began to fly, first this way, then the other, not near enough to make her breathe fire to stave him off, but still posing a sufficient threat to ensure she kept her eyes on him. Her head swayed this way and that, watching him out of those vertical pupils, her fangs bared.He flew higher. The Horntails head pink wine with him, her neck now stretched to its fullest extent, still swaying, hike a snake before its charmer.Harry rose a few more feet, and she let out a roar of exasperation. He was like a fly to her, a fly she was longing to swat her tail thrashed again, but he was too high to reach now.She shot fire into the air, which he dodged.Her jaws opened abundant.Come on, Harry hissed, turn tantalizingly above her, come on, come and get meup you get nowAnd then she reared, spreading her great, black, leathery wings at last, as wide as those of a small airplane and Harry dived. Before the dragon knew what he had done, or where he had disappeared to, he was speeding toward the ground as fast as he could go, toward the eggs now unprotected by her clawed front legs he had taken his hands off his Firebolt he had seized the golden egg And w ith a huge spurt of speed, he was off, he was soaring out over the stands, the heavy egg safely under his uninjured arm, and it was as though somebody had just turned the volume back up for the first time, he became properly aware of the noise of the crowd, which was screaming and applauding as loudly as the Irish supporters at the World Cup Look at that Bagman was yelling. Will you look at that Our youngest champion is quickest to get his egg Well, this is going to shorten the odds on Mr. PotterHarry saw the dragon keepers rushing forward to subdue the Horntail, and, over at the entrance to the enclosure, Professor McGonagall, Professor Moody, and Hagrid hurrying to meet him, all of them waving him toward them, their smiles evident even from this distance. He flew back over the stands, the noise of the crowd pounding his eardrums, and came in smoothly to land, his heart lighter than it had been in weeks.He had got through the first task, he had survived.That was excellent, Potter cried Professor McGonagall as he got off the Firebolt which from her was extravagant praise. He noticed that her hand shook as she pointed at his shoulder. Youll need to see Madam Pomfrey before the judges give out your score.Over there, shes had to mop up Diggory already.Yeh did it, Harry said Hagrid hoarsely. Yeh did it An agains the Horntail an all, an yeh know Charlie said that was the wors -Thanks, Hagrid, said Harry loudly, so that Hagrid wouldnt blunder on and reveal that he had shown Harry the dragons beforehand.Professor Moody looked very pleased too his magical eye was dancing in its socket.Nice and easy does the trick, Potter, he growled.Right then, Potter, the first aid tent, please said Professor McGonagall.Harry walked out of the enclosure, still panting, and saw Madam Pomfrey standing at the mouth of a second tent, looking worried.Dragons she said, in a disgusted tone, pulling Harry inside. The tent was divided into cubicles he could make out Cedrics shadow through t he canvas, but Cedric didnt seem to be badly injured he was sitting up, at least. Madam Pomfrey examined Harrys shoulder, talking furiously all the while. Last year dementors, this year dragons, what are they going to bring into this school next? Youre very luckythis is quite schoolitll need cleaning before I heal it up, though.She cleaned the cut with a dab of some purple liquid that smoked and stung, but then poked his shoulder with her wand, and he felt it heal instantly.Now, just sit quietly for a minute sit And then you can go and get your score.She bustled out of the tent and he heard her go next door and say, How does it feel now, Diggory?Harry didnt want to sit still. He was too full of adrenaline. He got to his feet, missing to see what was going on outside, but before hed reached the mouth of the tent, two people had come darting inside Hermione, followed closely by Ron.Harry, you were brilliant Hermione said squeakily. There were fingernail marks on her face where she had been clutching it in fear. You were amazing You really wereBut Harry was looking at Ron, who was very white and staring at Harry as though he were a ghost.Harry, he said, very seriously, whoever put your name in that goblet I I reckon theyre trying to do you inIt was as though the last few weeks had never happened as though Harry were meeting Ron for the first time, right after hed been made champion.Caught on, have you? said Harry coldly. Took you long enough.Hermione stood nervously between them, looking from one to the other. Ron opened his mouth uncertainly. Harry knew Ron was about to apologize and suddenly he found he didnt need to hear it.Its okay, he said, before Ron could get the words out. Forget it.No, said Ron, I shouldntve -Forget it, Harry said.Ron grinned nervously at him, and Harry grinned back.Hermione burst into tears.Theres nothing to cry about Harry told her, bewildered.You two are so stupid she shouted, stamping her foot on the ground, tears splashing dow n her front. Then, before either of them could stop her, she had given both of them a hug and dashed away, now positively howling.Barking mad, said Ron, shaking his head. Harry, cmon, theyll be putting up your win.Picking up the golden egg and his Firebolt, feeling more elated than he would have believed possible an hour ago, Harry ducked out of the tent, Ron by his side, talking fast.You were the best, you know, no competition. Cedric did this weird thing where he Transfigured a rock on the groundturned it into a doghe was trying to make the dragon go for the dog instead of him. Well, it was a pretty cool bit of Transfiguration, and it sort of worked, because he did get the egg, but he got burned as well the dragon changed its mind halfway through and decided it would rather have him than the Labrador he only just got away. And that Fleur girl tried this sort of charm, I think she was trying to put it into a trance well, that kind of worked too, it went all sleepy, but then it s nored, and this great jet of flame shot out, and her skirt caught fire she put it out with a bit of water out of her wand. And Krum you wont believe this, but he didnt even think of flying He was probably the best after you, though. Hit it with some sort of spell right in the eye. Only thing is, it went trampling around in agony and squashed half the real eggs they took marks off for that, he wasnt supposed to do any damage to them.Ron drew breath as he and Harry reached the edge of the enclosure. Now that the Horntail had been taken away, Harry could see where the five judges were sitting right at the other end, in raised seats draped in gold.Its marks out of ten from each one, Ron said, and Harry squinting up the field, saw the first judge Madame Maxime raise her wand in the air. What hooked like a long silver ribbon shot out of it, which twisted itself into a large figure eight.Not bad said Ron as the crowd applauded. I suppose she took marks off for your shoulderMr. Crouch came next. He shot a number nine into the air.Looking good Ron yelled, thumping Harry on the back.Next, Dumbledore. He too put up a nine. The crowd was rejoiced harder than ever.Ludo Bagman ten.Ten? said Harry in disbelief. ButI got hurt.Whats he playing at?Harry, dont complain Ron yelled excitedly.And now Karkaroff raised his wand. He paused for a moment, and then a number shot out of his wand too four.What? Ron bellowed furiously. Four? You lousy, biased scum-bag, you gave Krum tenBut Harry didnt care, he wouldnt have cared if Karkaroff had given him zero Rons indignation on his behalf was worth about a hundred points to him. He didnt tell Ron this, of course, but his heart felt lighter than air as he turned to leave the enclosure. And it wasnt just Ronthose werent only Gryffindors cheering in the crowd. When it had come to it, when they had seen what he was facing, most of the school had been on his side as well as Cedrics.He didnt care about the Slytherins, he could stand wh atever they threw at him now.Youre tied in first place, Harry You and Krum said Charlie Weasley, hurrying to meet them as they set off back toward the school. Listen, Ive got to run, Ive got to go and send mammy an owl, I swore Id tell her what happened but that was unbelievable Oh yeah and they told me to tell you youve got to hang around for a few more minutes.Bagman wants a word, back in the champions tent.Ron said he would wait, so Harry reentered the tent, which somehow looked quite different now friendly and welcoming. He thought back to how hed felt while dodging the Horntail, and compared it to the long wait before hed walked out to face it.There was no comparison the wait had been immeasurably worse.Fleur, Cedric, and Krum all came in together. One side of Cedrics face was cover in a thick orange paste, which was presumably mending his burn. He grinned at Harry when he saw him.Good one, Harry.And you, said Harry, grinning back.Well done, all of you said Ludo Bagman, bounc ing into the tent and looking as pleased as though he personally had just got past a dragon. Now, just a quick few words. Youve got a nice long break before the second task, which will take place at half past nine on the morning of February the twenty-fourth but were giving you something to think about in the meantime If you look down at those golden eggs youre all holding, you will see that they opensee the hinges there? You need to solve the clue inside the egg because it will tell you what the second task is, and enable you to prepare for it All clear? Sure? Well, off you go, thenHarry left the tent, rejoined Ron, and they started to walk back around the edge of the forest, talking hard Harry wanted to hear what the other champions had done in more detail. Then, as they rounded the clump of trees behind which Harry had first heard the dragons roar, a witch leapt out from behind them.It was Rita Skeeter. She was wearing acid-green robes today the Quick-Quotes Quill in her hand b lended perfectly against them.Congratulations, Harry she said, beaming at him. I wonder if you could give me a quick word? How you felt facing that dragon? How you feel now, about the fairness of the scoring?Yeah, you can have a word, said Harry savagely. Good-bye.And he set off back to the castle with Ron.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Integrating the Philosophy of Socrates into the Engineering Curriculum

Academic institutions in America have a difficult task, universe primarily responsible for the education of the population. Higher education institutions play the largest role in developing individuals and helping them find their roles within society. It is whence exigencyed to assure into how the opera hat institutions in the country are educating and developing the minds of the next generation of leaders.In particular, a great focus should be placed in the rise responsibility of STEM (Science Engineering Technology and Mathematics) graduates and their education due to the growing demand of STEM professionals in this era. Engineering curriculums, for the majority, follow specific criteria to define what is necessity and important for an engine room student to picture. This criteria is set by ABET, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, which has identified 11 (11) student outcomes upon graduation of an engineering Baccalaureate level program.Among these e leven outcomes, are three outcomes that involve something broader than technological knowledge, design and methods, and they are (1) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (2) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long instruction (3) a knowledge of contemporary issues. In order to accomplish these outcomes, it is necessary to implement ancient philosophies from one of the greatest philosopher that ever lived, Socrates.Socrates had a lot to say about knowledge, wisdom and education. He is famously known for the ideas that the only accredited wisdom is in knowing you know nothing, the unexamined life is not worth living, and education is the kindling of a flame, not the fill up of a vessel. Many students and professors in the school of engineering do not realize how little they know. For students, when accepted into a high ranked four-year institution, th ey might believe they are already among the best and the brightest, and this happens more often in the school of engineering.Students tend to think they have four more years of education left (typically) since theyve made it so far already and dont realize that their learning has just begun. For professors at top higher institutions in Engineering, many have earned at least Masters degree or better. It is common that most professors hold Ph. Ds at top research universities. With vast amount of knowledge these professors gain, they feel as if they know more than the students. Professors readily take up that they dont know everything. on that point are not many opportunities to question the curriculum that is assigned.More professors can benefit the students learning experience by providing an environment to learn beyond what is required. Both professor and students are at fault for not acknowledging their own ignorance, which hinders the students in their intellectual growth. Moreo ver, once students and professors can come to realize how some(prenominal) more there is to learn this can open a world of knowledge for them. Socrates highly valued curiosity and wonder stating that life should not go unexamined. So how does one go about ensuring the outcomes ABET outlines?They implement a philosophical approach to technical education. Although this is present in some courses it is not enough. close to syllabi outline in detail what you are departure to learn from concepts to chapters to home fiddle problems to exams on day one. Learning is structured and more about following the rules. There is not a lot of encouragement to seek knowledge in other disciplines. The importance of concepts and ideas about other topics such as philosophy, politics, and education is not usually taught in engineering courses.Yet it is required by ABET for students to have that board exposure to be great engineers. For example, the an aerospace student who is looking to work in the i ndustry after college needs to study the economy and politics. That student needs to understand how the economy stands regarding consumer spending and analyze the possibility of their country going to war. These factors can determine whether or not there is a need for commercial airplanes and/or a demand for defense airplanes.That student can then have a better understanding of what real engineering problems he will encounter and start thinking of ways to provide solutions by study more applications of such problems. It is also important to know where that industry is head and looking into trends from the past to predict future ones and have a clearer vision of where to seek employment. This education, however, is not covered in your typical engineering course. Faculty and staff needs to put a bigger emphasis and link to education distant of STEM.It is the curiosity and wonder of the students that will lead them to self-educate themselves on these broader topics outside of their c urriculum that they are expected have learned upon graduation. This leads to the issue that higher education has highly-developed as a compartmentalized learning system, seen more evident in the engineering schools. In my experience at a leading four-year, private, research university, it matt-up as if the engineering professors were concerned about what the students know as opposed to how they processed thoughts and ideas.This is contrary to the belief that Socrates had, education is the kindling of a flame, not the filling of a vessel. With the focus to memorize formulas and problem solving methods students are just being filled with information and are then tested on how well up they can recreate what they learned in lectures and texts in an exam. When asked, most alumni admit that they have retained very little from the concepts and formulas they learned in class. They state what they very acquired out of engineering school was the problem solving ability.This makes sense, si nce books and the internet are available to an engineer as a professional there is no need to memorize the content. Practice with concepts and methods are necessary yet it is more important to understand how these concepts came to be. Socrates would encourage students to ask more about the who, what, why, how, and when in the midst of their learning experience. Developing a critical mind should be the focus of teaching not how well a student can memorize.Engineering programs across the landed estate dont place enough of an emphasis on critical thinking and self-education of concepts outside of engineering. Engineering education is not just about the practice of engineering methods its about recognizing hidden principles, patterns of learning and developing a desire for lifelong learning. With the teachings of Socrates, students will realize what they dont know and start to become more curious and pop out to self-educate themselves outside of the classrooms to become individuals tha t live fulfilling lives as professionals and members of society community.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Process Design Essay

Design Improvement Product/service devise Planning and control Nature and purpose of the design activity Products, work and the processes which produce them in all cave in to be designed ratiocinations taken during the design of a product or service will have an impact on the decisions taken during the design of the process which produces those products or services, and vice versaDesign of products / services and design of processes are interrelated and should be treated unitedly Designing the product or service Designing the process Products and services should be designed in such a way that they can be created effectively Product / service design has an impact on the process design and vice versa Processes should be designed so they can create all products and services which the effect is likely to introduce Design of the Product Design of the Process In manufacturing operations overlapping the activities of product and process design is in force(p)In most service operation s the overlap between service and process design is implicit in the nature of service Process subprogram symbols derived from Scientific Management Operation (an activity that directly adds value) Inspection (a check of some sort) Transport (a movement of something) Delay (a wait, e. g. for materials) Process mapping symbols derived from Systems Analysis low or end of the process Activity Input or output from the process Direction of flow Storage (deliberate storage, as opposed to a delay) Decision (exercising discretion) Manufacturing process types Process tasks Diverse/ complexProcess flow High Intermittent Project Jobbing Variety Batch Mass Continuous Low mickle High Repeated/ divided Continuous Low Specially made, every one customized Defined start and finish time, quality and cost objectives Many various skills have to be coordinated A project process with a small part of the process map that would describe the whole process Jobbing processes very(prenominal) small quantit ies one-offs, or only a few required Specially made high compartmentalisation, low repetition, strangers, every one customized Skill requirements are ordinarily very broad Skilled Jobber, or team, completes whole roduct Batch processes Higher the great unwasheds and lower variety than for Jobbing Standard products, repeating demand.But can make specials Specialized, narrower skills Set-ups (changeovers) at each stage of production Mass ( argument) processes Higher volumes than batch Standard, repeat products (runners) Low and/or narrow skills No set-ups, or almost instantaneous ones A mass process a packing process Continuous processes Extremely high volumes and low variety often single product Standard, repeat products (runners) super capital-intensive and automated Few hangeovers required Difficult and expensive to start and stop the process A service shop This health club offers some variety within a quantity set of facilities and processes A mass service This call centre can handle a very high volume of customer enquiries because it standardizes its process Source Royal Bank of Scotland Group Deviating from the natural diagonal on the product-process matrix has consequences for cost and flexibility Manufacturing operations process types table service operations process types no(prenominal) More process flexibility than is mandatory so high cost Project Jobbing Batch Mass ContinuousNone Less process flexibility than is needed so high cost Professional service Service shop Mass service The natural line of fit of process to volume/variety characteristics Flow (layout), technology and Job design are all influenced by process positioning Flow unincorporated Technology Little / general Jobs Varied / high discretion Volume Custom furniture maker Machine tool maker Automobile grinder Predictable Specialist Routine / low discretion Petrochemical refinery Investment banking Customer service branch Bank call centre Credit card process Customized devise old process Raw materials Assembly Stored sandwiches Move to outlets sell Take payment Standard sandwich process Customer request The operation of making and selling customized sandwiches Prepare Sandwich materials and customers set up as required Take payment Customers assembled to sandwiches Bread and base filling Assemble whole sandwich Use standard base?No Yes Outline process of making and selling customized sandwiches Detailed process of assembling customized sandwiches Customized sandwich new process Assemble whole sandwich Assembly of sandwich bases Use standard base? Take ayment Fillings Bread and base filling Stored bases Yes Customer request Assemble from standard base No Littles law (a really quite useful law) Throughput (TH) = Work in process (WIP) x round of drinks time (CT) Cycle time = 2 minutes WIP = 10 Throughput time = ? Throughput time = 10 x 2 minutes = 20 minutes time (CT) 500 examen scripts need to be marked in 5 days (working 7 hours a day). It takes 1 hou r to mark a script. How many markers are needed?What is designed in a product or service? The understanding of the nature, use and value of the service or product A concept A package The group of component products and services that provide those benefits defined in the concept The way in which the component products and services will be created and delivered A process The product and service design activity is a process in itself Transformed resources, . g. Technical learning Market information Time information The product / service design process whose performance is measured by its Quality Speed Dependability Flexibility Cost Fully specified products and Outputs services Inputs Transforming resources, e. g.Test and design equipment Design and technical staff The stages of product / service design Concept generation Concept screening Preliminary design rating and improvement Prototyping and final design Ideas from customers formally through marketing activities Listening to cust omers n a day-to-day basis Ideas from competitor activity for example revolutionize engineering Ideas from staff especially those who meet customers every day Ideas from research and development Broad categories of evaluation criteria for assessing concepts Feasibility how difficult is it? What INVESTMENT, both managerial and financial, will be needed? What RETURN, in terms of benefits to the operation, will it give? Overall evaluation of the concept Criteria for screening concepts Acceptability how worthwhile is it? Vulnerability what could go terms? What RISKS do we run if things go wrong?Design involves progressively reducing the sum up of possibilities until the final design is reached CONCEPT Choice and evaluation screens Large number of design options Uncertainty regarding the final design TIME One design FINAL DESIGN SPECIFICATON Certainty regarding the final design Design evaluation and improvement.

Critical Path Analysis

Critical passage Analysis INTRODUCTION Planning, plan and Controlling atomic weigh 18 three important functions of management. Planning involves the formulation of objectives and goals that argon subsequently translated into Specific plans and reckons. scheduling is concerned abtaboo the implementation of activities required to achieve the laid down plans. The function of escort is to establish a mechanism that shtup trigger a warning signal if actual proceeding is deviating (in scathe of time, address and some other measures of efficientness) from the plan.If such a deviation is unacceptable to the concerned manager, he entrust be need to take disciplinary action to bring performance in conformation with the plans. The irreverent and CPM models atomic matter 18 extremely useful for the purpose of planning, scheduling and controlling the progress and completion of large and labyrinthine protrudes or for carrying out the analysis of these three managerial functio ns. Before we describe the basic concepts employ in the mental synthesis and analysis of these models, let us first understand the meaning of a witness. What is a project?A project can be defined as a set of large emergence of activities or jobs that atomic number 18 performed in a certain succession resolved logic aloney or technologic aloney and it has to be completed within (i) a specified time, (ii) a specified cost and (iii) meeting the performance standards. Examples of a project from fairly diverse fields are given below 1. Introducing a wise product in the market. 2. Construction of a new bridge over a river or construction of a 25 storied building, 3. Executing a large and complex order on jobbing production. 4. dis get in a spacecraft to the mars. GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF smart/CPMA entanglement is a graphical representation of a project, depicting the flow as well as the sequence of well-defined activities and takes. Developed during the 1950s, both(prenominal) C PM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) are net profit techniques/models. The network approach helps project managers in planning, computer programming and controlling. As a planning tool it helps the manager to estimate the requirements of alternatives viz. , materials, equipment, manpower, cost and time for distributively legal action or tasks of the project. This approach cannot make decisions by its own.It only provide additional information to executives to relieve decision making process. Also it does not provide solution to every management problem. It certainly helps in identification of those activities, jobs or causas which control the completion of the project. The working methodology of de dopeed elbow room analysis (CPA) which includes both CPM and PERT, consists of celebrateing five go 1. Analyse and break down the project in hurt of precise activities and/ or features. 2. Determine the interdependence and sequence o f specific activities and prepare a net work. . Assign estimates of time, cost or both to all in all the activities of the network. 4. Identify the longest or critical path through the network. 5. Monitor, value and control the progress of the project by replanning, rescheduling and reassignment of resources. The central task in the control aspect of these models is to secernate the longest path through the network. The longest path is the critical path because it equals the minimum time required to complete the project. all(prenominal) other paths other than the critical path (i. e. o critical or on the loose(p) paths) offer flexibility in scheduling and transferring resources, because they take less time to complete than the critical path. ADVANTAGES OF sarcastic PATH ANALYSIS There are a number of advantages in using critical path analysis. 1. It allows for a comprehensive view of the entire project. Because of the sequential and concurrent relationships, time scheduling bec omes very effective. Identifying the critical activities keeps the executive alert and in a state of preparedness, with alternative plans ready in case these are needed.Breaking down the project into smaller comp virtuoso(a)nts permits better and closer control. 2. Critical path analysis offers economical and effective system of control based on the principle of management by exception i. e. need for corrective action arises only in exceptional situations and in most of other cases, performance is in conformity with the plans. 3. It is a dynamic tool of management which calls for constant review, a reformulation of the network, and finding the current path of relevance and optimum resources allocation.FUNDAMENTALS OF A CPA NETWORK ( Activity An activity is any portion of a project which consumes time or resources and has a definable beginning and ending. For example, laying of pipe is an activity requiring the use of resource mainly effort. Activity whitethorn involve labour, pape r work, contractual negotiations, machinery operations, etc. Commonly used terms synonymous with activity are task and job. consider 1 and 2 Activities are graphically represented by arrows, usually with description and time estimates written along the arrows.The tail of the arrow portrayal an activity represents the starting point of the activity and its mastermind represents its completion. The arrow may be straight slanting, or bent but not broken (see figure-1). The arrow is not a vector and need not be force to scale. ( Events The beginning and ending points of an activity or a group of activities are called issues. Synonyms of an event are node and connectors An event is often represented graphically by a numbered circle (see figure-2), although any geometric figure such as square, oval, rectangle etc. will serve the purpose.We shall, however, stick to the most ordinarily used pattern for representing an event viz, the circle. A few examples of events are as follows (i) Material procured, (ii) Design completed, (iii) tolerate started, (iv) Bricks laid, etc. All activities in a network must commence from some event. Such events are called the tail events because they are connected to the tail of an activity. These are shown in figure 3. Similarly, all activities in a network must have terminal points called the head event because it is at the head of an activity. These are shown in figure-4.Figure-5 depicts tail and head events connected by arrows representing activities i. e. it depicts the dual role of an event. Event 14 is the head event for one activity and tail event for some other. In a network, symbol i is used for the tail event (also called preceding event) and j for the head event (or succeeding event) of an activity. The activity, then being I-j. If an event represents the roast completion of more than than one activity, it is called a merge event. If an event represents the joint initiation of more than one activity, it is call ed a burst event.A network is, then, a graphical representation of a project plan, showing the inter-relationship of the motley activities. Networks are also called arrow diagrams (see figure 6). When the results of time estimates and computations have been added to a network, it may be used as a project schedule. Conventions adopted in drawing networks There are two conventions normally adopted while drawing networks. In the early stages of network drawing, it is suggested that the conventions should be respected until sufficient develop has been gained to justify dropping them.These conventions are a) Time flows from left to right. b) Head events always have a number higher than that of the tail events. The above stated conventions allow activities to be referred uniquely by their tail and head event numbers, so that activity 3-4 means only the activity which starts from event 3 proceeds to event 4 it cannot mean the activity which starts from event 4 and finishes event 3. Grap hical representation of events and activities Events are represents by numbers within circles. Activities are represented by arrows, the arrow-heads represent the completion of the activities.The length and druthers of the arrow are of no significance whatsoever (chosen only for the convenience of drawing). The activity of leaving place A and walking to place B can equally well be represented by figure-7. Fundamental properties governing the representation of events and activities The representation of events and activities is governed by one simple settlement regulate which requires that an activity which depends upon another activity is shown to emerge from the head event of the activity upon which it depends and that only dependent activities are drawn in this way.Thus, if activity B depends upon activity A, then the two activities are drawn in figure-8. Figure 7 AB 1. An event cannot occur until all activities leading to it are complete. 2. No activity can start until its tai l event in r from each oneed. The above two properties can be combined into a single one, namely that no activity may start until all previous activity in the same chain are completed. Logical sequencing are connection of activities A project entails several activities. The arrows are arranged to show the plan of logical sequence in which the activities of the project are to be accomplished.The sequence is ascertained for each activity by answering the following three quires viz (i)Which activity or activities must be completed before the start of a particular activity ? (ii) Which activity or activities should follow this? (iii) Which activities can be accomplished simultaneously? The activity or activities which immediately come before another activity without any interpose activities are called predecessor activities to that activity. The activities which follow another activity without any intervening activities are called successor activities to that activity.In a project of l aying a pipe line, the three activities involved may be trenching, laying pipe and weld pipe. To decide the logical connection between these three activities necessary that they be carried out in series, the reasoning being that the pipe cannot be laid until trenching has been done and welding cannot be undertaken until the pipe has been laid. This way we decide the logical sequencing between different activities. Errors in logical sequencing ii types of errors in logic may arise while drawing a network, particularly when it is a alter one. These are known as looping dangling. 1)Looping Normally in a network, the arrow points from left to right. This convention is to be strictly adhered, as this would avoid illogical looping, as shown wrongly below (2)Dangling The situation represented by the following diagram is also at fault, since the activity represented by the dangling arrow 9-11 is undertaken with no result. A To overcome the problem arising due to dangling arrows, followin g rules may be adopted. (i) All events, except the first and the stick up, must have at least one activity entering and one activity leaving them, ii) All activities must start and finish with an event. (3)Duplicate activities Consider the following figure 11 A XY B Figure 11 In the above figure, activities A and B may be called duplicate activities because they have same head event (i. e. 6) and the same tail event (i. e. 7). One amends for such a situation is the introduction of a locoweed activity (4) Dummy activity It is a hypothetical activity which consumes no resource and time. It is represented by dotted lines and is inserted in the network to polish off activity pattern under the following situations ) It is nominated to make activities with common starting and finishing events distinguishable. ii) To identify and have got the proper precedence relationship between activities that are not connected by events. iii) To bring all loose ends to a single initial and a sing le terminal event in each network using dummies, if necessary. For example, problem of duplicate activities in the figure-11 above may be circumvented as shown in figure-12. A XY B Figure 12 Figure 13 shows three cases for the following set of dependency relationships Activity C is dependent upon both A and B.Activity D is dependent upon A alone. BC AC A DD BA C B AD The first portrayal (on top left of figure-13) is distinctly wrong since it shows D as dependent upon not only A but also B which is not desired. The other portrayal (ii) is also wrong since A is being shown twice and thus contravenes the positive axiom of network that three must be one arrow for each activity. The way out to this dilemma is the representation by means of the dummy activity. In the third portrayal of figure -13, C is dependent upon both A and B (via dummy) whereas D is dependent upon just A.Numbering the events The event numbers in a network should in some respect reflect their logical sequences. Whe n a complicated network has been drawn then the problem of assigning numbers to the events involved in the network arises. A rule devised by D. R. Fulkerson, involving the following steps may be followed to resolve the problem numbering the events. i) An initial event is one which has arrow/arrows coming out of it and none of the arrow entering it. In a network there will be only one such event. Call it 1. (ii) Delete all arrows coming out from the event 1. This will give us at least one more initial event. i) Number these events as 2, 3. (iv) Delete all emerging arrows from these numbered events which will create new initial events. Then follow step (iii). (v) Continue the above steps till last event is obtained which has no arrows coming out of it. Consider the numbering of events in the following figure. Figure 14 F AFA BG B CH CG AF AF BG BG CH CH AF AF BG BG CH CH Figure 15 Here we proceed from left to right. The event with least x- orchestrate is assigned the smallest intege r, say 1. other events are assigned progressively higher integers with regard to x-co-ordinate.If two or more events (4 and 5 above) have the same x-co-ordinate, the one towards arrow should have higher number. Further, it is not necessary, and in fact also not desirable to number the events consecutively. It would be a better scheme to number the events as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 in the above diagram instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. This affords insertion of more activities and events omitted by wariness or having become necessary in view of certain logic revisions. It was mentioned earlier that it is desirable that all the activity arrows point from left to right. If the arrow is vertical it may point downwards or upwards.For the pastime of preventability it is to be recommended that activities emanating from one event or converging to another may make as grand angles between themselves as possible. A few more conventions are given below (i) Keep the arrow to the extreme righ t. (ii) As far as possible avoid drawing arrows that cross each other. usually by suitable stretching the network diagram it is possible to avoid this. (iii) Where, however, crossing is unavoidable, bridging may be done. This applies to dummies as well. tempt boldly a big network. Smaller ones are confusing. Use of pencil and golosh is recommended.Exercise Depict the following dependency relationships by means of network diagrams. The Alphabets stand for activities. 1. A & B control F B and C control G. 2. A & B control F B Controls G while C controls G and H. 3. A controls F and G B controls G while C controls G and H. 4. A controls F and G B and C control G with H depending upon C. 5. F & G are controlled by A, G and H are controlled by B with H controlled by B and C. 6. A controls F, G and H B controls G and H with H controlled by C. state The required networks are given in figure -15 Exercise Find out the superfluous (unnecessary) dummy activities in the network below. BEH C AF G D Figure 16 JKL M FG AB CDE H M IK Figure 14 Basic steps involved in drawing a CPM/PERT network Network is defined as a diagram representing the activities and events of a project, their sequence and inter-relationships. The basic steps involved in drawing a network are i) Breaking up of the entire project into smaller systems known as tasks. ii) For each tack ascertain the activities and events to be performed. iii) For each activity determine the preceding and succeeding activities. iv) For each activity determine or estimate the time and other resources needed. v) Draw a network depicting the assembly of tasks into a project.Network Construction Problem 1 The activities involved in the computer installation process are detailed below. You are required to draw the network. ActivityPredecessor Activities A. Physical preparationnone B. organizational planningnone C. Personal SelectionB D. Equipment InstallationA E. Personal TrainingC F. Detailed systems designC G. File Conve rsionF H. Establish standards and controlsF I. Programme preparationH J. Programme TestingI K. Parallel operationsD, E, G, J. L. Finalize systems documentationI M. acquire upK, L B C (ii) AA None A None B B B D C D A A D (iii)C